mindmap root((观众)) spectator can be used for one that attends an exhibition, performance, or entertainment which does not involve an appeal to the sense of hearing: ~s at a football game; more broadly it denotes one who is felt to be wholly apart from whatever is presented to the attention: considered herself a ~ in the game of life. observer may or may not imply an intent to see, but usually suggests that one attends closely to details and often keeps a record of them: earned a reputation as a keen ~ of current mores. 风俗习惯=customs and behavior beholder sometimes carries a strong implication of watching or regarding intently and often applicable to one who has looked intently upon a person or thing and obtained a clear and accurate impression: a judgment left to the eye of the ~. looker-on, onlooker suggest casualness or detachment and lack of participation: there was a great crowd of ~s-on at the fire; the surgeon refused to operate in the presence of on-~s. witness specifically denotes one who has firsthand knowledge and therefore is competent to give testimony: presented a set of ~es who had lived through the tragedy. eyewitness more explicitly implies actual sight as the source of knowledge: there were no ~es of the collision.注意as的用法 bystander primarily denotes one who stands by when something is happening: the policeman took the names of all the ~s; or as merely being present at a place: a ~ was injured in the explosion. kibitzer specifically applies to one who watches a card game by looking over the shoulders of the players and who may annoy them by offering advice; it may also apply to an on-looker who meddles or makes unwelcome suggestions: a group composed equally of players and ~s.